Wednesday, November 19, 2014

我们熟悉而陌生的语言

——《世界的主要语言》读后浅析语言的定义
婴儿刚出生后,呀呀学语就成了他们喝饱睡足后的主要节目;全球化的革命剧变,学习一门或以上外语已从先驱行为发展成为每一个年轻人的基础课程;而世界非物质文化名录,更是将加利弗那语言和瓦雅皮语等小众非文字口语列为口头传述的人类珍贵文化遗产。语言在我们身边无处不在,而如今的我们越来越有机会听到全球各地的外语,惊异于各种不同语言的表现魅力,且往往会被其奇异的发音组合又流利地叙述所形成的神秘感而捕获。


纵观历史,古代语言是如何形成并沿用发展成现代通俗语言的?横跨地理,全球的语言分布与地理位置如何紧密联系在一起?我们中国人对自己熟知的汉语不在话下,对英语的胜任也越来越轻车熟路,可要统观全人类的语言却似盲人摸象。而这个有趣的议题通过语言学家Bernard Comrie对世界上50种主要语言的集中剖析,以宏观学术的角度和一己之力难以达到的高度在《世界的主要语言》 (Comrie, 2009)中让我们了解到“语言”一词其实涵盖了深刻而复杂的意义。作为人们沟通一种工具,并不止于此。
大致上来说,全球共约有6000种不同的语言,平均每个国家或地区就说22种!而这个“大致”并不是语言学家们研究不够严谨,学问不够深入,而是因为我们对语言的定义到如今还没有一个统一明确的说法。事实上,这个看似浅显的定义面临着许多困难。首先,语言和方言的区别一直处于模棱两可的边缘,很多时候,两种相近的语言往往很难区别这是两种语言还是一种语言的两个方言分支。有人也许会说,这很简单呀——普通话全中国人都说,是一种语言,而吴语、广东话、客家话这些都只是区域性语言,所以只能称之为方言。其实,正是受到政治和社会因素的影响,使得语言的定义不能完全按照语言学的逻辑来评判而失去一定的“公正性”。现代普通话与各种方言之间的关系具有很大的交叉性,可普通话却不具有完整包容性。就拿我们熟悉的吴语来说,“孛相”(bexian)是指玩的意思,发音与“玩”(wan)没有一点相通性,完全是两个独立的词,而这样的现象在普通话与吴语之间不胜枚举,从这样看,将吴语完全归类为普通话的一种方言就显得有点勉强了。政治因素对语言定义的强烈影响还体现在德国与荷兰交界处的德国西北地区,当地的德国人能够用方言和操荷兰语的荷兰人进行自然交流,从语言意义上,这种方言和荷兰语应当定义为一种语言的两个分支,然而,两者地位显然不能相提并论。相反的,丹麦语、挪威语和瑞典语虽被定义为三种不同的语言,这三个国家的人几乎能够用各自的语言相互交流,几乎是同一种语言的三个方言。从以上三个例子中我们发现,语言学判定一种话是否成为语言,要与其相似的另一种话相比较,若两者直接通过各自的话进行交流相互可以理解,那么这两者的关系属于共享同一种语言的方言;当两者没有相互理解的关系,那么这便成了两种独立的语言。
然而,这样的判定方式存在着明显的缺陷:当语言A与语言B具有相互理解性,语言B和语言C也具有相互理解性,那么ABC这三种语言都应当属于同一种语言的三个方言分支。而事实上,AC常常会发生不可相互理解的现象,按照判定规则,这又成了两种不同的语言。因此,这就造成了两种规则之间的冲突,
我想,语言长久以来难以定义的另一个原因在于它是有生命的载体。它随着的人们沟通的需要而诞生,随着生活模式的变革而丰富发展。只要两种语言在世界的两个地方被运用,它们一定会因为两种文化的交叉而相互影响,尤其是在全球化愈演愈烈的今天,语言的交叉性变得越来越明显:年轻人至少学习一门以上语言,加上自己的母语变自然两然成为两种语言或以上的传播者;每一种语言的泊来词汇比例都在不断上升,特别是采纳英语或是将英语音译转化成当地语言。由于不同语言之间的相互影响,而这种影响是不断变化发展的,就使得互通的比例也随着历史演绎而变化不定。在书中,作者就提到许多官方语言和当地语言之间密不可分的关系:许多曾经遭遇殖民的国家原本的方言原本很难理解,但在受到殖民语言的影响,许多词汇甚至大部分主体词汇都采纳了殖民语言,原本的方言发展成与殖民语言十分相似;相反的,英语和德语本来同属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语族,直至今日,我们还能够找到许多基本词汇的相似性,比如,“男人”在英语中是Man,而在德语中是Mann ; 并且前后缀也相同:“男人的”在英文是man’s,而在德语中可以是manns;然而一个说英语的人和一个说德语的人,若未经过学习,不可能相互理解,经过几千年的演变,两种语言的主体已经大相径庭。这种活变的语言属性使得即便今天的语言得到定义,在未来仍需要不断地重新判断和推敲。
现代语言学的研究建立于18世纪,而语言变革的活跃度也愈加明显,2007年,我国有171条汉语新词被纳入词典 (中国新闻网, 2007),仅仅5年过后的2012年,新增词汇达到3000 (北京日报, 2012)。这给语言的定义更加带来了挑战,语言的脱胎换骨已经不再需要千年的等待。而我们需要的,不仅仅是找到语言的定义,更是需要在2000多种濒危语言中,找到人类文明的结晶,并完整地保存下去。

参考书目:
北京日报. (2012716). 现代汉语词典收录新词反映社会变迁. 检索日期: 20141118日,来源: 新浪网: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2012-07-16/013924779742.shtml

中国新闻网. (2007816). 教育部公布171条汉语新词 晒客学术超男等入选. 检索日期: 20141118日,来源: 新浪网: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-08-16/133913677927.shtml


注:本文系原创文章,未经同意勿随意引用,务必注明出处,否则将追究责任。

Monday, July 28, 2014

Adwords Fundamental Passed

This test was actually fairly easy, especially when you can have already 95% of questions in advance. Let's not say it's a kind of cheating, as with a test guide of 500 pages without a single practicing exercise before the test, you would get so lost in the middle of 90-question test. Especially for those who just take over a perfectly well set adwords account like me. I would have no idea about the specific features of account setting or what MCC is (almost already forgotten what this abbreviation stands for).

So this test will be effective for 2 years, while the advanced test will expire in 1 year and I'll have to do it very soon.

A simple sign here to remind that I just passd Fundamental test yesterday. Back to review "Search Advanced" Now.

Friday, July 18, 2014

Troublesome Mobile

My mobile phone is broken AGAIN!

Now I'm guessing if I should stop using any smart phone.With my first smart phone falling down to the "bon vieux" subway rails of Paris, second stolen earlier this year in Shanghai, and now the third is broken itself.

Last night, before I went to bed and turned if off it was ALL right! Besides the screen of my PC was shining in a strange way and the hard rain outside, nothing was particular. I went to sleep at like 2.30 and when I woke up this morning,  I felt it strange that my phone was not ringing, this waking up is a bit too much easier than expected, all right, sleep again. The second time I woke up, the alarm of the phone was still quite...I began to feel not at ease and got up and found out that the phone doesnt work at all! Quickly started the pc and then realized that it was 9.11...looked like a unlucky number, and it was - already too late for work...

The rest of the day I tried to charge my phone or start it with all kinds of tricky ways, but no way
could I make it on. All right, troublesome mobile, I go back to my loyal hilarious Nokia 1110...


Saturday, July 12, 2014

Stop treating me like a baby mum!

So tonight my dad is not home. He went to Suzhou to have his annual physical examination. I come back to my parents' apartment to spend the weekend. After watching TV together while chatting with my mum, she suddenly asked me to sleep over with her... I felt embrassed and jumped off the bed.

"Nah, I gonna back to my own bedroom."

"You haven't slept with me since a long time."

"..."

"You are my baby, right?"

 Come on mum, I'm still a baby in your eyes, except for the fact of 25 years older!




Friday, July 11, 2014

Company's BBQ Annual Party

It's definitely not a commercial party, otherwise our department would be as busy as bees. A good occasion to reinforce team spirit and get to know people you always meet everyday but never know what they do exactly. Finally, there are still so many people that I dont know about their names and I'm also surprised to see some new faces, whether they are truely new or not...

The weather is not the best for the barbecure apparently, everyone was sweating hard. Staying at a place of over 30 degrees without AC for more than 10 minutes is like a penalty: you wanna a burger? Stay in front of the BBQ oven and get grilled first; you wanna an ice cream? Ah no, it's already melt.

Finally it was the occasion to award those "old" employees who has stayed in the company for over 2 years. They got some free trips and some extra holidays, making others envy. I guess that's exactly what bosses want :D, just kidding, but it's true that it's always good to encourage people with those attractive awards. Two persons who has worked here for over 5 years got free trips for 2 to where ever they want, plus extra 5 days' holidays. Hot sweet potatos!

The last but not the least, the dress for the party is the World Cup Jersey :p






Thursday, July 10, 2014

Weekend in Suzhou

Actually the weekend was about 2 months ago, but was too lazy to get it posted, while it's a good memory! So best to save it here before it fades away :)

It worths to be saved because it's special and the very first trip of 2, yeah I had never traveled alone with any ex for a real trip, although I'm already 26 -_-, covering as well a special day only two of us know why, the answer of which is to be found in the lyrics of a song of Bryan Adams :p. I become really naughty in this aspect because no one else would finally feel it interesting.

It was a cool weekend with some slight rains, perfect imagery for this city, in which quite a few famous Chinese traditional poems are left to describe the muggy spring-summer season.


Delicacy is the best term to brief all the sceneries, except for the size of the city itself. We got lost once and had to walked for like an hour along a "small" street. Luckily we still caught up the train back to Shanghai.




At the end of the trip, I must save this up as it would never appear again :) A sweet surprise.


I tried to keep it short as it's getting too late and I always waste too much time wandering here and there while writing. Should put more content about some highlights next time! Yeah, next time.

Allez, bed time now. Sweet dreams~

Wednesday, July 9, 2014

Pûr plaisir dans le Rosé!

J'ai envie d'écrire ce soir en français, tout simplement parce que c'est concernant le vin, et que le vin. Soudainement, je trouve ce sentiment super léger car rien n'est plus compliqué qu'une pure dégustation. Pas de laisions sentimentales, pas beaucoup de gens, pas de pressions, ni que ce soit...Et ce sentiment bouleverse ce que je croyais - on peut ressentir autant de plaîsir dans une action si basique, si simple.

Je pensais toujours que les humaines peuvent être se ressentissent plus heureux que les autres créatures grâce à la meilleure intelligence en sentiment. Quand on déguste un vin, on se souvient d'une bonne histoire, on établit une meilleure relations entre amis, on devient plus créatifs, on déguste un produit de complexité et de l'intelligence. Tout cela semble nous pousse vers une vie "supérieure". Mais aujourd'hui, je voulais tout embarrasser et decidais de me plonger dans le vin simple, pas de mélange sentimental, pas d'envie d'approcher vers les autres personnes, surtout pas!

Ce rosé fait l'écho. Rarement un rosé si pûre attrape mon nez et mon palais, le premier mot survient dans ma tête : l'élégance. Surtout il y a un rosé précédent se sacrifie pour comparer. Présent après un bouquet de fruits, des fleurs et de la frâicheur, ce cru classé en 1955 a plein de confiance: discret mais pas timid, frais mais pas froid, concentré mais pas lourd, gracieux mais pas superficiel!

Ma soirée était un peu trop sèche à cause de l'ambiance rigide, mais le rencontre avec ce rosé m'a apporté le plaîsir. La santé!


Saturday, June 28, 2014

No drama

I hope I dont receive any heavy bombs again this weekend. I almost feel afraid to open my mailbox...Waiting for peace and hoping time heals all.

Take it easy, girl.

Saturday, June 14, 2014

  新工作换了有一个礼拜了,本来想整理的心情却一直没有整理起来。外面的天气还是很明媚的,只是空气质量又预告污染连外出的心情也没有。不知道为什么心情会差到这种程度,我想了几天是不是要去看心理医生了,还是能够自己调节好心态么?今天一转眼居然压抑到极端无聊的感觉,想必是心里太空虚了。

  给闺蜜打了电话,与表妹约好了明天的一场电影,为什么还是感觉这么压抑……看钟点一滴一点过,好像在慢性自杀,不停地刷着各种SNS,好像只是为了测试自己还活着,我这是怎么了,难道我一直都是一个这样悲观的人么……

  开始讨厌上海并不是一天两天的事了,好想逃离这节奏、这氛围、这文化,就好像污浊的空气,侵入我的五脏,将毒气扩张到每根血脉。

  我在等待消息,等待陪伴,可是为什么这么难,其实并不是一件很难的事啊~却这么难得到。难道,这一切并不是我的命,我是误入歧途了?
 
  无端的眼泪,好像它们也是带着毒的,肆意地大滴大滴结成两条脸颊上的溪……

Sunday, May 25, 2014

Tournant de Vie

Beaucoup de choses se sont passées ces derniers temps, pas forcément intenses, mais vraiment importants. Alors que je n'arrive pas à les décrire l'une après l'autre, car soit je n'étais pas assez motivée, soit j'étais absorbée par autres choses. Je me demande si les émotions doivent être filtrées et amassées pour peser assez lourdes afin d'être exprimées sur le papier, au moins pour moi...

Nouveau Boulot
C'est vrai, je ne travaillerai plus dans le vin, mais dans l'e-marketing! Ce dernier terme que je ne venais de connaître réellement que l'année dernière, qui va conduire mon trajet de la carrière. Ce n'est pas réellement parce que le domain du vin n'a pas du potentiel, au contraire, le marché se développe solidement et s'épend rapidement, particulièrement à Shanghai. Mais je crois toujours que le vin ne pourrait rester un loisir, mais pas une carrière, sinon cela donnerait une image stupide, particulièrement au titre du sommelier, ou un travail dépendant du nez et du palais, au lieu du cerveau. C'est un peu comme l'agriculture comparée avec la haute techonologie, trop dépendant de la nature. Rien contre la pureté ou la dignité du travail du sommelier, c'est juste que je n'appartiens pas à ce genre et la fineness dans la culture du vin que j'appeçois ne peut pas me donner une joie spirtuelle. Donc, je suis partie pour un carrément nouveau domaine, bien qu'il est encore assez étrange de ce sentiment de tourner la direction du travail si rapidement...A vrai dire, je ne sais pas si j'aurais bien maîtriser ce qui m'attend, mais je suis bien curieuse. C'est mon charactère en tout cas, d'être une oseuse.

Pff, je devrais raconter beaucoup plus comme j'ai voulu parler aussi de mon logement et de mon dernier voyage à Suzhou, mais la fatigue se percipite...j'espère pouvoir développer plus demain ou après demain, et reprendre un peu mon français au moins...




Friday, May 2, 2014

Google Adwords Note - 12 Steps to growing your business fast using Google Adwords/PPC Marketing

A few words about PPC

- PPC (Pay-Per-Click) / Targeted advertising
  ex. Google Adwords, Yahoo PPC, Microsoft ads
- PPC stats
  - In 2011, Google's revenue topped $37.9 billion, 96% of which came from advertising
  - StateFarm, Amazon, Lowe's and University of Phoenix each spent over $43 million on PPC in 2011.
  - Finance and Insurance industries pay the most per clicks - topping out at $43 per click for industry keywords - and it's worth it!

- PPC, why it is great?
  - Ads appear near relevant search results
  - You only pay when someone clicks
  - Business make an average of $2 in revenue for every $1 they spend

- Why adwords?
  - Adwords's awesome for small business
    Levels the playing field - bring huge traffics
    Show up on the 1st page
    Massive Research
    Relative small budget to play
- How does adwords work?
  1. Create ads and bids
  2. Ads appear based on specific keywords researches in Google
  3. Seachers that click are taken to a page of your choice
  4. You get charged




Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMP1OWxXCQw

Sunday, April 27, 2014

Google Analytics Notes 3 - Google Adwords


AdWords Certification Fundamental Exam Prep

Definition of AdWords

  • The Auction
    • Many effects influence the auction
    • Ad Rank formula
      • Max bid (CPC) * Quality Score + ad extensions & formats = ad Rank
      • Quality Score : how relevant your ads, keywords and landing page are to a person seeing your ad
        • Keyword quality
          • Keyword CTR
          • Ad text relevance
          • Historical performance
How to improve Quality Score: focus on key metrics
  1. Organize your account for maximum effectiveness
  2. Choose relevant keywords
  3. Create straghtforward, targeted ads
  4. Point users to a landing page with relevant, original content with quick load times


  • How to set up an AdWords campaign
    • Establish campagin goals
      • What is the marketing objective?
      • Who are you trying to reach?
      • What does success look like?
      • What action are you driving towards your website
         
    • Apply targeting and bids
      • Daily budget - don't lt your shop close early
        • Standard vs. Accelerated delivery
      • Bidding
        • Clicks
          • CPC bidding
            • Generate traffic
            • Manual CPC
            • Automatic CPC
            • Enhanced CPC (e-cpc) Bid adjustments

  • Impressions
    • CPM bidding
      • Brand awareness
      • Get your message in front of customers
  • Conversions
    • CPA bidding (cost per acquisition)
      • Get customers to take action
      • Conversion optimizer
    • Conversion Tracking
      • 1 per click : any ad click resulting in conversion in 30 days
      • Many Per Click: Multiple conversions for a click that result in conversion in 30 days
        • How to: add a snippet
  • Select keywords
    • How do keywords work?
    • Build a keyword list
    • Match Types: Overview
    • Creat copy & ad formats
      • Text ads standards and policies (should not contain the below)
        • All caps
        • Repeated words
        • Incorrect spacing between words or letters
        • Numbers or symbols as letters
        • Offensive language
        • Unsupported superlative or claims
        • Offers must be accessible to the user within one click of the landing page
      • Product Listing Ads (PLA)
      • Dynamic Search Ads
      • Call Extensions
      • Location Extensions
      • Social Extensions
  • Set up AdWords account
    • Organizing campaigns and ads in your account
       
  • Tactics to improve Adwords results
    • Create successful Text Ads
    • Improve keywords
      • Optimize for CTR
        • Negative Keywords
        • Match Types
        • Delete non-performing keywords
      • Optimize for ROI
        • Also use Conversion Tracking
    • Focus on ROI
    • Budget Optimization
    • Organize the account
    • Use Opportunities Tab to get Ideas
    • Use Conversion Tracking and Negative Keywords

  • Google Display Network (GDN)
    • Millions of sites for you to run your ads on
    • A choice of ways to reach your audience
    • A wide range of crative ad formats


Ad rank on the GDN (Google Display Network)
  • Ad rank basics : display
    • Group default Bid
    • Landing page quality
    • Ad's past performance
Google Display Network can target both content & audience
  • Target content
    • Placement targeting
      Hand select the sites where your ads will show
      • Ads are served on premium and long-tail sites you hand pick
      • Example placements: forbes.com, allbusiness.com, nytimes, com, businessinsider.com
    • Topic targeting
    • Keyword contextual targeting
      keyword level targeting, bidding & reporting
      • Better targetting
        A redesigned contextual engine to enhance targeting accuracy, increasing the relevance & quality of placements.
      • Optimization Control
        Bid at keyword level for granular performance control.
        See all metrics reported at keyword level for transparency and better optimization.
      • Easier Implementation
        Choose to target by individual keywords like search with no ad group theming required!
  • Target audience
    • Interest category marketing
    • Remarketing

Sunday, April 20, 2014

Google Analytics Notes 2

- Keywords not provided in GA

  • How to optimize SEO through GA?
    • Improve CTR (Click-through Rate)
      • Google ranking
        Page 1-3
      • Title and Description 
                   A CTR of 20-40%, excellent, that of 7% needs to be improved
                   - HOW?
      1. Find the 10 most popular pages (Impression)
      2. Find the 10 best CTR pages (Acquisition - SEO - setting)
  • Increase keyword ranking
    • Use keywords in landing page text
    • Use keywords in title & meta description
    • Encourage people to share

      Better titles = higher CTR
      Top 10 best keywords used in titles: how to, listed related (top 10...), Free, You, Tips, Blog Post, Why, tricks, great
- Social Marketing Report
  Aquisition - Social - Network Referrals

- Mistakes of Google Adwords
  • Don't know 3 types of phrase match
    1. Broad match: keywords are present anywhere in the search query, regardless the orders.
    2. Phrase match: keywords are in orders anywhere in the search query.
    3. Exact match: keywords are in orders and only words in search query.
           Recommandation:
    • Start with exact/phrase match
    • Fine tune copy & targeting
    • Expand to broad match if necessary
  • Don't use negative keywords.
  • Don't know your competitors
    • Research your competitors keywords.
    • Design & flow of landing pages

Study source : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMzScRXzv83ffc1hEeAfdzw

Saturday, April 19, 2014

Rancoeurs

Je sais que je ne devrais pas, mais quand j'ai vu que ses pensées étaient comme une scie poussée aller et retour, en disant ceci et faisant le contraire le lendemain , mon cœur est aussi scié, blessé avec plein de rancœurs...

Le plus détail peut gâcher ma journée. Hier, en me disant qu'il veut reprendre la décision et m'en vouloir, aujourd'hui, il change la configuration sur le FB comme s'il craint que le monde se trompe avec qui il sort.

Peut-être c'est  juste pour confirmer qu'il est quelqu'un qui valait jamais mes sentiments, si sincères, si profonds...

Mais mes larmes ne sont jamais timides...quelles rancœurs...





Google Analytics Notes 1

- Virtual Page views
   Ex. video embeded in a page; file downloaded - install & setup
   Improve a form
   "onblur": Onblur is most often used with form validation code

- Referral Paths : from another website to your own website
- See the top performing content on the website
   - behavior - site content - all pages
   - in-page analytics : behavior - in-page analytics

- UTM paramaters : Url + Tags
   - GA link builder

- Event Tracking :
   User actions that do not generate trackable pageviews:
  • Off-site links
  • PDF links
  • mailto; or tel: links
  • Flash/Ajax/jQuery/Html5
  • Video (play, pause, complete)
  • Completion of individual form fields
   Track with GA events or virtual pageviews

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMzScRXzv83ffc1hEeAfdzw

Sunday, April 13, 2014

Waiting in lost

I bought two books - "The Hedonism Hanbook" and a journey "In Tuscany". A friend asked, "These books look relaxing, it means you need to release a lot of pressures?" Isn't it true...I'm trying to bury the misery in deep of the heart, which might be a better way to move on more easily. Although I always feel reluctant to move on alone, it looks the best choice for the moment. But in the deepest thinking, I am always waiting for him to join my life journey...

The coming last week of work will be mixed with a lot of feelings for sure. I'm waiting in lost.